Sonoma County, California 94952, United States
Peer Support is an Evidence based practice (ebp)
Additional Information
- Definition of an EBP: A treatment, practice or approach that is backed by a strong body of research evidence. —SAMHSA
- In 2007, the U.S. Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services declared peer support an EBP in behavioral health -CMS
- Downloadable from SAMHSA
➢Consumer Operated Services EBP Provider Kit LINK
➢ Other SAMHSA EBP Kits LINK
➢ Finding BH Evidence-Based Programs & Practices--SAMHSA LINK
- Downloadable from Ctr on Integrated & Self-Directed Care https://www.center4healthandsdc.org/impl ementing-ebp-mh-sdc.html
- Research Supports Hearing Voices Network Groups “Group attendance was credited with a range of positive emotional, social and clinical outcomes. Aspects that were particularly valued included: opportunities to meet other voice hearers, provision of support that was unavailable elsewhere, and the group being a safe and confidential place to discuss difficult issues. Participants perceived HVN groups to facilitate recovery processes and to be an important resource for helping them cope with their experiences.(Longden, Read & Dillon, 2018)
Peer Support Literature References
Foundation for Excellence in Mental Health Care
Peer Specialists in the Mental Health Workforce: A Critical Reassessment
October 21, 2019
by Darby Penney & Peter Stastny, MD
MadInAmerica.com
References
- Peer Workforce (n.d.). Mental Health America. https://www.mhanational.org/peer-workforce
- Felton, C. J., Stastny, P., Shern, D. L., Blanch, A., Donahue, S. A., Knight, E., & Brown, C. (1995). Consumers as peer specialists on intensive case management teams: Impact on client outcomes. Psychiatric Services, 46(10), 1037-1044.
- Felton et al (1995). Op.cit.
- Mead, S. (2003). Defining peer support. http://www.nhcornerbridge.org/Articles/DefiningPeerSupport_Mead.pdf
- Mowbray, C., Moxley, D., Thrasher, S., Bybee, D., McCrohan, N., Harris, S., & Clover, G. (1996). Consumers as community support providers: Issues created by role innovation. Community Mental Health Journal, 32(1), 47-67.
- Alberta, A., & Ploski, R. (2014). Cooptation of peer support staff: Quantitative evidence. Rehabilitation Process and Outcome, 2014(3), 25-29.
- Tingleff, E., Bradley S. , Gildberg F., Munksgaard G. & Hounsgaard, L. (2017). “Treat me with respect”: A systematic review and thematic analysis of psychiatric patients’ reported perceptions of the situations associated with the process of coercion. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing,24 (9-10),681-698. doi: 10.1111/jpm.12410.
- Walker, G., & Bryant, W. (2013). Peer support in adult mental health services: A metasynthesis of qualitative findings. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 36(1), 28.
- Resilience Inc. newsletter, August 31, 2019 (47).
- New York State Office of Mental Health (2005). OMH Official Policy Manual, Section PC-1500, Peer Advocacy.
- Ostrow, L. & Hayes, S. (2015). Leadership and characteristics of nonprofit mental health peer-run organizations nationwide. Psychiatric Services, 66(4), 421-5. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201400080.
SAMHSA
- Peer workers are emerging as important members of treatment teams. The “Supervision of Peer Workers TA Resource” (PDF | 702 KB) helps supervisors understand how to supervise peer workers in behavioral health services. The resource includes a slide deck (PDF | 9.1 MB), slide deck with trainer notes (PDF | 9.14 MB), one-page self-assessment tool for supervisors (PDF | 239 KB), and resources (PDF | 124 KB).
- Value of Peers – 2017 (PDF | 2 MB) describes how peer supports advance recovery and add value to behavioral health systems:
- Peer Support (PDF | 2 MB); Apoyo entre compañeros (Spanish version) (PDF | 183 KB)
- Family, Parent, and Caregiver Peer Support in Behavioral Health (PDF | 846 KB); Apoyo de campañeros para pares y otros cuidadores de niños y jóvenes (Spanish version) (PDF | 202 KB)
- Peers Supporting Recovery from Mental Health Conditions (PDF | 2 MB); Recuperación de problemas de salud mental (Spanish version) (PDF | 196 KB)
- Peers Supporting Recovery from Substance Use Disorders (PDF | 2 MB); Recuperación de trastornos de consume de sustancias con el apoyo de pares (Spanish version) (PDF | 202 KB)
- Getting Started With Evidence-Based Practices: Consumer-Operated Services – 2011 guides mental health authorities, agency staff, and others through the process of implementing evidence-based practices. It also highlights the importance of cultural competence.
- SAMHSA’s Recovery and Recovery Support topic explains how recovery-oriented care and recovery support systems help people with mental and/or substance use disorders manage their conditions successfully.
- What Are Peer Recovery Support Services? – 2009 explains peer recovery support services designed and delivered by people in recovery from substance use disorders.
Access video trainings on peer support services, youth and young adults, and other topics.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 54, Issue 6, Supplement 3, June 2018, Pages S258-S266
Peer Workers in the Behavioral and Integrated Health Workforce: Opportunities and Future Directions
Author links open overlay panelCheryl A.GagneScD1Wanda L.FinchMSW, MEd, LICSW2Keris J.MyrickMBA, MS2Livia M.DavisMSW
References (76)
Courtenay Harding's Research on Recovery Data
Courtenay Harding’s research – a longitudinal study of people hospitalized
in Vermont and Maine.
The Maine and Vermont Three-Decade Studies of Serious Mental Illness: I. Matched Comparison of Cross-Sectional Outcome
- September 1995
- The British Journal of Psychiatry 167(3):331-8
- Source
- PubMed
Privileges to Rights: People Labeled with Psychiatric Disabilities Speak for Themselves,
Based on the testimony of people with psychiatric disabilities who testified at an NCD hearing in 1998.
Core Recommendations
Therefore, NCD has developed 10 core recommendations in this report. These policy recommendations should be viewed from the context of the larger report, which follows. These deeply held core beliefs form, however, a dynamic backdrop to highlight the human and civil rights of people who have experienced the mental health system, people who should be viewed as the true experts on their experiences, beliefs, and values, which should be used as a guiding force for changing public policy related to these issues in America.
1. Laws that allow the use of involuntary treatments such as forced drugging and inpatient and outpatient commitment should be viewed as inherently suspect, because they are incompatible with the principle of self-determination. Public policy needs to move in the direction of a totally voluntary community-based mental health system that safeguards human dignity and respects individual autonomy.
2. People labeled with psychiatric disabilities should have a major role in the direction and control of programs and services designed for their benefit. This central role must be played by people labeled with psychiatric disabilities themselves, and should not be confused with the roles that family members, professional advocates, and others often play when "consumer" input is sought.
3. Mental health treatment should be about healing, not punishment. Accordingly, the use of aversive treatments, including physical and chemical restraints, seclusion, and similar techniques that restrict freedom of movement, should be banned. Also, public policy should move toward the elimination of electro-convulsive therapy and psycho surgery as unproven and inherently inhumane procedures. Effective humane alternatives to these techniques exist now and should be promoted.
4. Federal research and demonstration resources should place a higher priority on the development of culturally appropriate alternatives to the medical and biochemical approaches to treatment of people labeled with psychiatric disabilities, including self-help, peer support, and other consumer/survivor-driven alternatives to the traditional mental health system.
5. Eligibility for services in the community should never be contingent on participation in treatment programs. People labeled with psychiatric disabilities should be able to select from a menu of independently available services and programs, including mental health services, housing, vocational training, and job placement, and should be free to reject any service or program. Moreover, in part in response to the Supreme Court's decision in Olmstead v. L C., State and federal governments should work with people labeled with psychiatric disabilities and others receiving publicly-funded care in institutions to expand culturally appropriate home- and community-based supports so that people are able to leave institutional care and, if they choose, access an effective, flexible, consumer/survivor-driven system of supports and services in the community.
6. Employment and training and vocational rehabilitation programs must account for the wide range of abilities, skills, knowledge, and experience of people labeled with psychiatric disabilities by administering programs that are highly individualized and responsive to the abilities, preferences, and personal goals of program participants.
7. Federal income support programs like Supplemental Security Income and Social Security Disability Insurance should provide flexible and work-friendly support options so that people with episodic or unpredictable disabilities are not required to participate in the current "all or nothing" federal disability benefit system, often at the expense of pursuing their employment goals.
8. To assure that parity laws do not make it easier to force people into accepting "treatments" they do not want, it is critical that these laws define parity only in terms of voluntary treatments and services.
9. Government civil rights enforcement agencies and publicly-funded advocacy organizations should work more closely together and with adequate funding to implement effectively critical existing laws like the Americans with Disabilities Act, Fair Housing Act, Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act, Protection and Advocacy for Individuals with Mental Illness Act, and Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, giving people labeled with psychiatric disabilities a central role in setting the priorities for enforcement and implementation of these laws.
10. Federal, state, and local governments, including education, health care, social services, juvenile justice, and civil rights enforcement agencies, must work together to reduce the placement of children and young adults with disabilities, particularly those labeled seriously emotionally disturbed, in correctional facilities and other segregated settings. These placements are often harmful, inconsistent with the federally-protected right to a free and appropriate public education, and unnecessary if timely, coordinated, family-centered supports and services are made available in mainstream settings.
Toward the Full Integration of Peers in ADMHS: A Framework for Change March 2014
Tina Wooton
Consumer Empowerment Manager
Santa Barbara County Department of Alcohol, Drug and Mental Health Services
(805) 681-5323
Contents Executive Summary…………………………………………………… 3 Introduction……………………………………………………………. 3 Purpose of this Report………………………………………………… 5 ADMHS Consumer Empowerment Program………………………. 6 Recommendations …………………………………………………..... 6 Steps to Peer Integration……………………………………………… 8 Seven Strategies for Successful Peer Integration…………………… 9 Peer Staff Capabilities………………………………………………… 10 Evidence Base for Peer Support……………………………………… 11
Attachment 1: Recommended Models of Peer Support Attachment
2: Peer Career Ladder in Riverside County Attachment
3: SAMHSA Peer Navigator Job Description Attachment
4: Partners in Hope Brochure Attachment
5: ADMHS Peer Recovery Specialist Responsibilities
Evidence for Peer Support
‐ also available online at http://www.countyofsb.org/admhs/admhs.aspx?id=45578
Ashcraft, L., Ph.D., and Anthony, William, Ph.D., The Story of Transformation: An Agency Fully Embraces Recovery, Behavioral Healthcare Tomorrow, April 2005 http://www.recoveryinnovations.org/pdf/BHcare%20Apr%202005.pdf
Campbell, Jean, Ph.D., Consumer‐Operated Services Program (COSP) Multisite Research Initiative Overview and Preliminary Findings, May 7, 2004 http://www.power2u.org/downloads/COSPVAREPORT.pdf
Campbell, Jean, Ph.D., Emerging Research Base of Peer‐Run Support Programs (as of 5/05) http://www.power2u.org/emerging_research_base.html
Carpinello, S., Knight, E., and Janis, L. (1992). A study of the meaning of self‐help, self‐help processes, and outcomes. Paper presented at the Third Annual Conference on State Mental Health Agency Services Research, Arlington, VA: NASMHPD Research Institute, Inc., 37‐44.
Chinman, M., Young, A.S., Hassell, J., Davidson, L. (2006). Toward the implementation of mental health consumer provider services. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 33(2) 176‐195. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16645906
Chinman, M., Hamilton, A. et al, Mental Health Consumer Providers: A Guide for Clinical Staff, Rand Corporation, 2008, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2008/RAND_TR584.pdf
Cook, J.A., Peer‐Delivered Wellness Recovery Services: From Evidence to Widespread Implementation, Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, Vol. 35, No. 2, 2011: “A growing body of evidence suggests that peer‐provided, recovery‐oriented mental health services produce outcomes as good as and, in some cases superior to, services from non‐peer professionals.” http://www.gmhcn.org/files/Judith_Cook_peer_delivered_services_article.pdf Daniels, A., Grant, E., Filson, B., Powell, I., Fricks, L., Goodale, L. (2009). Pillars of Peer Support: Transforming mental health systems of care through peer support services. Atlanta: The Carter Center. http://www.in.gov/fssa/dmha/files/Pillars_of_Peer_Support.pdf
Daniels, Allen S., Ed.D., Rebecca Cate, Ph.D.; Susan Bergeson; Sandra Forquer, Ph.D.; Gerard Niewenhous, M.S.W.; Beth Epps, M.Ed., Best Practices: Level‐of‐Care Criteria for Peer Support Services: A Best‐Practice Guide, Psychiatric Services, December 1, 2013. http://www.in.gov/fssa/dmha/files/Pillars_of_Peer_Support.pdf
Davidson, Chinman, Sells and Rowe, Peer Support among Adults With Serious Mental Illness: A Report From the Field, Schizophrenia Bulletin, Vol 32, 2006. http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/3/443.full.pdf+html Davidson, L, Bellamy, C, et al, Peer support among persons with severe mental illnesses: a review of evidence and experience, World Psychiatry v.11(2); Jun 2012 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363389/ Doughty, C and Tse, S, Can Consumer‐led Mental Health Services be Equally Effective? An integrative view of CLMH services in high income countries. Community Mental Health Journal 47:3, 252‐266, 2011. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20512528 Druss, BG et al, The Health and Recovery Peer (HARP) Program: a peer‐led intervention to improve medical self‐management for persons with serious mental illness, Schizophrenia Research, May 2010. http://nasuad.org/sites/nasuad/files/hcbs/files/150/7485/PeerSupport11‐6.pdf Page | 13 Eiken, S., & Campbell, J. (2008). Medicaid coverage of peer support for people with mental illness: Available research and state examples. Thomson Reuters Healthcare. http://nasuad.org/hcbs/about‐hcbs‐clearinghouse/history
Faulkner, Alison and Kalathil, Jayasree, The Freedom to be, the Chance to Dream: Preserving User‐Led Peer Support in Mental Health, Commissioned by Together, 2012, http://www.together‐uk.org/wp‐ content/uploads/2012/09/The‐Freedom‐to‐be‐The‐Chance‐to‐dream‐Full‐Report1.pdf
Felton, C. J., Stastny, P., Shern, D. L., Blanch, A., Donahue, S., Knight, E., et al. (1995). Consumers as peer specialists on intensive case management teams: Impact on client outcomes. Psychiatric Services, 46(10), 1037‐1044. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8829785 Frese, Frederick J, III, Ph.D.; Jonathan Stanley, J.D., et al, Integrating Evidence‐Based Practices and the Recovery Model, Psychiatric Services 2001;doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.52.11.1462 http://journals.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=86679
Fricks, Larry, Peer Workforce in Integrated Health, SAMHSA Presentation, November 8, 2012. http://www.integration.samhsa.gov/11.8.12_Cohort_V_Academy_Part_4.pdf
Galanter, M. (1988a). Research on social supports and mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145(10), 1270‐1272. Galanter, M. (1988b). Zealous self‐help groups as adjuncts to psychiatric treatment: A study of Recovery, Inc., American Journal of Psychiatry, 145(10), 1248‐1253. http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=165386
Gates, L.B., Mandiberg, J.M. et al, Building Capacity in Social Service Agencies to employ peer providers, Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 34(2), 145‐252 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20952368 Holter, M. C., Mowbray, C. T., Bellamy, C. D., MacFarlane, P., & Dukarski, J. (2004). Critical ingredients of consumer‐run services: Results of a national survey. Community Mental Health Journal, 40(1), 47‐63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15077728
Horvath, Alex, COMMUNITY / Mental health peer program helps officers, Special to The Chronicle, Published 4:00 am, Friday, May 9, 2003 http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/COMMUNITY‐Mental‐health‐peer‐program‐helps‐2649337.php#page‐3
Janzen, R, Nelson, G et al, A longitudinal study of mental health consumer/survivor initiatives: Part IV ‐ Benefits beyond the self? A quantitative and qualitative study of system‐level activities and impacts. Journal of Community Psychology 23, 285‐303. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcop.20100/abstract Klein, A. R., Cnaan, R. A., and Whitecraft, J. (1998). Significance of peer social support with dually diagnosed clients: Findings from a pilot study. Research on Social Work Practice, 8 (5) 529–551. http://rsw.sagepub.com/content/8/5/529.abstract Kyrouz, E. M., Humphreys, K., and Loomis, C. (2002). A review of research on the effectiveness of self‐help mutual aid groups. In B.J. White and E.J. Madera (Eds.). American self‐help clearinghouse self‐help source book. 7th ed., 71–85. Cedar Knolls, NJ; American Self‐Help Group Clearing House. http://nipspeersupport.org/?page_id=588 Lived Experience Research Network, The 2012 National Survey of Peer‐Run Organizations, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, December 6, 2013. MacNeil, C. and Mead, S. A Narrative Approach to Developing Standards for Trauma‐Informed Peer Support. American Journal of Evaluation, 26:2, 231‐244, 2005. Page | 14 http://aje.sagepub.com/content/26/2/231.short Markowitz, F. E., DeMasi, M. E., Carpinello, S. E., Knight, E. L., & Videka‐Sherman, L. (1996). The role of self‐help in the recovery process. Alexandria, VA: Proceedings: 6th Annual National Conference on State Mental Health Agency Services Research and Program Evaluation. Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors (NASMHPD) Research Institute Mead, S. & MacNeil, C. (2006). Peer Support: What Makes It Unique? International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 10 (2), 29–37. http://www.psychosocial.com/IJPR_10/Peer_Support_What_Makes_It_Unique_Mead.html Mowbray, C.T., & Tan, C. (1993). Consumer‐operated drop‐in centers run by and for psychiatric consumers: Evaluation of operations and impact, Journal of Mental Health Administration, 20, 8‐19. New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (2003). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in America. Final report. (DHHS Publication No. SMA‐03‐3832). Rockville, MD: Government Printing Office. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/mentalhealthcommission/
O'Hagan, M. Peer support in mental health and addiction: A background paper. Kites Trust, Wellington, 2011. http://www.peerzone.info/sites/default/files/resource_materials/Peer%20Support%20Overview%20O'Hagan.pdf Pfeiffer, P.N., Heisler, M., Piette, J.D., Rogers, M.A.M., & Valenstein, M. (2010). Efficacy of peer support, interventions for depression: A meta‐analysis. General Hospital Psychiatry, 33(1), 29‐36 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21353125
Pillars of Peer Support Services Summit IV: Establishing Standards of Excellence, Atlanta, GA, September 24‐25, 2012, http://www.pillarsofpeersupport.org/POPS2012.pdf Rappaport, J., et al. (1992). Mutual help mechanisms in the empowerment of former mental patients. In D. Saleebey (Ed.), The strengths perspective in social work practice (84‐97). White Plains, NY: Longman.
Rogers, E. S., Teague, Ph.D., Lichtenstein, C, Campbell, J, Lyass, A. Chen, R., & Banks, S. (2007). The effects of participation in adjunctive consumer‐operated programs on both personal and organizationally mediated empowerment: Results of a multi‐site study. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 44(6), 785‐800 http://www.power2u.org/downloads/JRRD_Rogers_et_al_Effects_of_participation_in_consumer‐ operated_service_programs.pdf .
Rogers, E.S., et al, Systematic Review of Peer Delivered Services Literature 1989 – 2009, Boston University, Sargent College, Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 2009, http://www.bu.edu/drrk/research‐syntheses/psychiatric‐disabilities/peer‐delivered‐services/ Salzer, M. (2002). Consumer‐delivered services as a best practice in mental health care delivery and the development of practice guidelines. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 6(3), 355‐383. http://www.cdsdirectory.org/SalzeretalBPPS2002.pdf Salzer, M. (2004). Best practice guidelines for consumer‐delivered services. Evanston, IL: Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10973430208408443#preview
SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration), Behavioral health peer navigator (description), (SAMHSA) 2011 http://www.samhsa.gov/grants/blockgrant/BH_Peer_Navigator_05‐06‐11.pdf
SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration), What are Peer Recovery Page | 15 Support Services?, Rockville, MD, 2009 http://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/SMA09‐4454/SMA09‐4454.pdf SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration),Equipping Behavioral Health Systems & Authorities to Promote Peer Specialists/Peer Recovery Coaching Services, August 17, 2012, http://www.samhsa.gov/recovery/docs/Expert‐Panel‐02112013.pdf
SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration), Consumer‐Operated Services: The Evidence, Rockville, MD, 2011, http://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/SMA11‐4633CD‐DVD/TheEvidence‐COSP.pdf
SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration), Grantee Spotlight: Peer Coaches Inspire Success and Motivate Change at WellSpring, December 2013, http://www.integration.samhsa.gov/about‐us/esolutions‐newsletter/esolutions‐december‐2013#spotlight SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration), Equipping Behavioral Health Systems and Authorities to Promote Peer Specialist/Peer Recovery Coaching Services, Expert Panel, March 21‐22, 2012 http://www.samhsa.gov/recovery/docs/Expert‐Panel‐02112013.pdf Sells D, Davidson L, Jewell C, Falzer P, Rowe M, The treatment relationship in peer‐based and regular case management for clients with severe mental illness, Psychiatr Serv. 2006 Aug;57(8):1179‐84. http://ps.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=96947: Findings strongly suggest that peer providers serve a valued role in quickly forging therapeutic connections with persons typically considered to be among the most alienated from the health care service system. Simpson, E. L. & House, A.O. (2002). Involving users in the delivery and evaluation of mental health services: Systematic review. British Medical Journal. 325, 1‐5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC136921/pdf/1265.pdf
Solomon, Phyllis, Peer Support/Peer Provided Services Underlying Processes, Benefits, and Critical Ingredients, Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, Vol 27(4), 2004, 392‐401. The article defines peer support/peer provided services; discusses the underlying psychosocial processes of these services; and delineates the benefits to peer providers, individuals receiving services, and mental health service delivery system. Based on these theoretical processes and research, the critical ingredients of peer provided services, critical characteristics of peer providers, and mental health system principles for achieving maximum benefits are discussed, along with the level of empirical evidence for establishing these elements. http://www.parecovery.org/documents/Solomon_Peer_Support.pdf
Solomon, P., & Draine, J. (2001). The state of knowledge of the effectiveness of consumer provided services. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 25(1), 20‐27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11529448
Summary Bulletin, A Longitudinal Study of Consumer/Survivor Initiatives in Community Mental Health in Ontario: Individual‐level and System‐level Activities and Impacts, 2004. http://www.communitybasedresearch.ca/resources/crehs.on.ca/downloads/csi%20summary%20bulletin%202004.pdf
White, W. (2000a) The history of recovered people as wounded healers: I. From Native America to the rise of the modern alcoholism movement. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 18(1), 1‐23. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J020v18n01_01?journalCode=watq20#preview White, W. (2000b). The history of recovered people as wounded healers: II. The era of professionalization and specialization. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 18(2), 1‐25.
White, W. (2009). Peer‐based addiction recovery support: History, theory, practice, and scientific evidence. Chicago: Great Lakes Addiction Technology Transfer Center and Philadelphia Department of Behavioral Health and Mental Retardation Services. http://www.attcnetwork.org/regcenters/productDocs/3/Peer‐ Based%20Recovery%20Support%20Services%20‐Final%20Version%20w_Cover_June%2008%2009.pdf
Defining Peer Roles and Status Among Community Health Workers and Peer Support Specialists
Defining Peer Roles and Status Among Community Health Workers and Peer Support Specialists in Integrated Systems of Care
Abstract
Current strategies for integrating general medical and behavioral health services focus primarily on improving the coordination of care and expanding team-based services. Absent from most discussion has been a focus on the workforces that provide the bulk of community-based outreach, engagement, activation, motivational support, and self-management: community health workers (CHWs) and peer support specialists (PSSs). CHWs have primarily been deployed in general medical care and PSSs in behavioral health care. Understanding the unique contributions that CHWs and PSS provide for health promotion and wellness and improved population health outcomes is an important challenge. This Open Forum reviews the key elements of peer status as a way to help illustrate the differences between these workforces and the best deployment strategies for each workforce. A framework is proposed that outlines key support roles provided by the CHW and PSS workforces.
Allen S. Daniels, Ed.D., Sue Bergeson, Keris Jän Myrick, M.B.A., M.S.Published Online:17 Jul 2017https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201600378
Peer Support Research
Mental Health America May 2018
Evidence for Peer Support May 2018 ( 9 pages)
The Case for Peer Support Peer support is an evidence-based practice for individuals with mental health conditions or challenges. Both quantitative and qualitative evidence indicate that peer support lowers the overall cost of mental health services by reducing re-hospitalization rates and days spent in inpatient services, increasing the use of outpatient services. Peer support improves quality of life, increases and improves engagement with services, and increases whole health and self-management. This document identifies key outcomes of per support services over a range of studies differentiated by program, geographic location, and year. Though many of the studies and programs listed below have some major programmatic differences, one thing is the same – they all demonstrate the value of peer support.
The Evidence
- Reduced re-hospitalization rates
- Reduced days inpatient
- Increased use of outpatient services
- Increased quality of life outcomes
- Lowered overall cost of services
- Increased engagement rates
- Increased whole health
Peer Certification
- Existing State-Level Standards for Certification
- National Certification
References:
- Recovery Innovations of Arizona Programs. (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2015, from http://www.recoveryinnovations.org/pdf/RIA Programs and Outcomes.pdf
- Bergeson, S. (2011). Cost Effectiveness of Using Peers as Providers. Retrieved from http://www.nyaprs.org/enews-bulletins/index.cfm?do=headlines&mn=2&yr=2011&article=77D2D51A082A461FC195477449A38681
- Sledge, W., Lawless, M., Sells, D., Wieland, M., O'Connell, M., & Davidson, L. (2011). Effectiveness of Peer Support in Reducing Re-admissions of Persons With Multiple Psychiatric Hospitalizations. Psychiatric Services, 62(5), 541-544. Retrieved May 28, 2015, from http://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/ps.62.5.pss6205_0541# v Bergeson 2011.
- Global Evidence for Peer Support: Humanizing Health Care. (2014). Retrieved from http://peersforprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/140911-global-evidence-for-peer-support-humanizinghealth-care.pdf
- Trachtenberg T, Parsonage M, Shepherd G, Boardman J. (2013) Peer Support in mental health: Is it good value for money? London: Centre for Mental Health
- Salzer, M., Darr, N., Calhoun, G., Boyer, W., Loss, R., Goessel, J. Brusilovskiy, E. (2013). Benefits of working as a certified peer specialist: Results from a statewide survey. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 36(3), 219-221. doi:10.1037/prj0000016 xii Bergeson 2011.
- Kaiser Permanente Care Management Institute. Behavioral Health Peer Support Specialist Pilot. (February 2016)
- Davidson, L., Bellamy, C., Guy, K. and Miller, R. (2012), Peer support among persons with severe mental illnesses: a review of evidence and experience. World Psychiatry, 11: 123–128. doi: 10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.05.009
- Pfeiffer, P., Heisler, M., Piette, J., Rogers, M., & Valenstein, M. (2010). Efficacy of peer support interventions for depression: A meta-analysis. General Hospital Psychiatry, 33(1), 29-36.
- Repper, J., & Carter, T. (2011). A review of the literature on peer support in mental health services. Journal of Mental Health, 20(4), 392-411.
- Pfeiffer, P. N., Heisler, M., Piette, J. D., Rogers, M. A. M., & Valenstein, M. (2011). Efficacy of Peer Support Interventions for Depression: A Meta-Analysis. General Hospital Psychiatry, 33(1), 29–36. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.10.002
- Kaiser Permanente Care Management Institute. Behavioral Health Peer Support Specialist Pilot. (February 2016)
- Resnick, S, G., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2008). IntegraNng peer--‐provided services: a quasi‐experimental study of recovery orientation, confidence, and empowerment. Psychiatric Services, 59(11), 1307--‐1317.
- Walker, G., & Bryant, W. (2013). Peer support in adultmental health services: A metasynthesis of qualitative findings. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 36, 28‐34.
- Salzer et al, 2013
- Miyamoto, Y., & Sono, T. (2012). Lessons from Peer Support Among Individuals with Mental Health Difficulties: A Review of the Literature. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health : CP & EMH, 8, 22– 29. doi:10.2174/1745017901208010022
- Reif 2014, cited in Enhancing the Peer Provider Workforce: Recruitment, Supervision and Retention. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.nasmhpd.org/docs/TAC Assessment PDF Report/Assessment 1 - Enhancing the Peer Provider Workforce_9-15-14.pdf
- Jones, N., Corrigan, P., James, D., Parker, J., & Larson, N. (2013). Peer support, self-determination, and treatment engagement: A qualitative investigation. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 36(3), 209-214.
- i Chinman M, Lucksted A, Gresen R, et al. Early experiences of employing consumer-providers in the VA. Psychiatr Serv 2008; 59(11): 1315-21, cited in Miyamoto, Y., & Sono, T. (2012). Lessons from Peer Support Among Individuals with Mental Health Difficulties: A Review of the Literature. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health : CP & EMH, 8, 22–29. doi:10.2174/1745017901208010022
- Druss, B., Zhao, L., Esenwein, S., Bona, J., Fricks, L., Jenkins-Tucker, S. Lorig, K. (2010). The Health and Recovery Peer (HARP) Program: A peer-led intervention to improve medical self-management for persons with serious mental illness. Schizophrenia Research, 118(1-3), 264-270.
- Griswold, K. S., Pastore, P. A., Homish, G. G., & Leonard, K. E. (2010). A randomized trial: Are care navigators effective in connecting patients to primary care after psychiatric crisis? Community Mental Health Journal, 46, 398– 402.
- Sells, D., Davidson, L., Jewell, C., Falzer, P., & Rowe, M. (2006). The treatment relationship in peer-based and regular case management services for clients with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 57(8), 1179-1184.
- Kaiser Permanente Care Management Institute. Behavioral Health Peer Support Specialist Pilot. (February 2016)
- Cook, J. A. (Director) (2014, January 1). Randomized Controlled Trial Study of Peer Support Whole Health & Resiliency (PSWHR). Lecture conducted from University of Illinois at Chicago Center on Psychiatric Disability & Co-Occurring Medical Conditions. xxxiv Davidson, et al. 2012.
- Kaufman, L., Brooks, W., Bellinger, J., Steinley-Bumgarner, M., & Stevens-Manser, S. 2017. Peer Specialist Training and Certification Programs: National Overview 2016. Texas Institute for Excellence in Mental Health, School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin
- Doors to Wellbeing Peer Specialist Database, Accessed May 22, 2018 https://copelandcenter.com/peerspecialists
- Kaufman (2017)
- www.NationalPeerSpecialist.org
New ways of working in mental health services ( NCBI)
Chapter 4, Peer worker roles and organisational change
New ways of working in mental health services: a qualitative, comparative case study assessing and informing the emergence of new peer worker roles in mental health services in England.Health Services and Delivery Research, No. 2.19.Gillard S, Edwards C, Gibson S, et al.Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2014 Jul.
Recovery Data
- “Satisfaction” surveys usually have poor response rates, don’t yield useful information, and don’t have consequences to lead to accountability
- MHALA never created, tested, and validated a consumer selfrated MORS or a “consumer dashboard”
- George Washington University’s Clinically informed outcomes - CIOM consumer feedback form is a 4 page, 40 item form that combines symptom (including physical health and addiction, quality of life, and service alliance items that was designed to create a staff dashboard with feedback and alerts form the consumer’s perspective. It was used in LAC-DMH.
- The ROSI (Recovery Oriented Systems Indicators) is another 40 item questionnaire about consumer perception of their services and the incorporation of recovery practices and values usually used to evaluated recovery orientation of services.
- The Mental Health Center of Denver has a strong record of consumer inclusive data collection and usage to inform services.
- Mile Stones of Recovery Scale The Milestones of Recovery Scale (MORS) is an effective evaluation tool for tracking the process of recovery for individuals with mental illness.
Adverse Childhood Events (ACES)
About the CDC-Kaiser ACE Study
The CDC-Kaiser Permanente Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study is one of the largest investigations of childhood abuse and neglect and household challenges and later-life health and well-being.
The original ACE Study was conducted at Kaiser Permanente from 1995 to 1997 with two waves of data collection. Over 17,000 Health Maintenance Organization members from Southern California receiving physical exams completed confidential surveys regarding their childhood experiences and current health status and behaviors.
More detailed information about the study can be found in the links below or in “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in AdultsExternal,” published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine in 1998, Volume 14, pages 245–258.
- ACEs are common across all populations.
- Almost two-thirds of study participants reported at least one ACE, and more than one in five reported three or more ACEs.
- Some populations are more vulnerable to experiencing ACEs because of the social and economic conditions in which they live, learn, work and play.
- The ACE score is the total sum of the different categories of ACEs reported by participants.
- Study findings show a graded dose-response relationship between ACEs and negative health and well-being outcomes.
- In other words, as the number of ACEs increases so does the risk for negative outcomes.
- For an exhaustive list of outcomes see selected journal publications.
Youth Truth SURVEY
Fall 2020
" We believe, and research shows, that student and stakeholder voice matters."
Listening to students about their experiences with their mental health is important.
Research suggests that when students receive social-emotional and mental health support, they perform better academically. Students do not always receive the support they need to thrive, however.
As a national nonprofit committed to elevating student and stakeholder voices on critical issues in education, YouthTruth wanted to know: how do students perceive their own experiences with their emotional and mental health? What are their perceptions of the resources available to them when they are upset or stressed?
To answer this question, we analyzed anonymous survey data collected from more than 70,000 secondary students between 2012 and 2018 and discovered a number of insights.
Key Findings:
- Programs and services in school matter, especially for vulnerable populations.
- Middle school students have positive experiences with their emotional and mental health than do high school students.
- A greater proportion of students who identify in a way other than male or female say they have seriously considered attempting suicide.
- Female students are twice as likely as male students to report experiencing prolonged sadness or hopelessness.
National Alliance for Mental Illness (NAMI)
Mental Health By the Numbers
Mental Illness is Common!
Know the Numbers As You Talk to Family and Friends
1 in 5 U.S. adults experiences mental illness each year.
1 in 6 U.S. youth aged 6-17 experiences a mental health disorder each year.
1 in 25 U.S. adults experiences serious mental illness each year.
Suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death among people aged 10-34.
Millions of people in the U.S. are affected by mental illness each year. That's why it's important to understand how common mental illness is, as well as the magnitude of its physical, social, and financial impact.
Read about Mental Health by the Numbers online.
hearing voices network (hvn)
History of the Hearing Voices Movement
HVN Began in 1980’s when a psychiatrist realized that therapeutic techniques were not helping a patient , Patsy Hage, manage her voices and wondered if other voice-hearers might be better able to help her, which turned out to be true. Patsy and the psychiatrist cofounded the Hearing Voices Network (HVN) in 1987.
“The HVN is a peer-to-peer, nonclinical support group based on the radical idea that voice-hearing is not automatically a sign of pathology. Unlike traditional methods that encourage voice hearers not to engage with or listen to their voices, the HVN takes the opposite approach: voice-hearers are encouraged to explore and discover for themselves what their voices mean. The groups also provide social support and acceptance– something that is vitally important given the social distancing and isolation often reported by voice hearers. And the groups offer practical strategies for living with and managing voices.” (Harris, Foundation for Excellence in MH Care, 2020)
There are 100’s of groups all over the world but only 14 in CA, mostly in the Bay Area Region (Berkeley & Oakland)
Pool of Consumer Champions (POCC): Corinita Reyes, Singer corinitareyesaudio@gmail.com
CA Hearing Voices Network Peer Support Groups
Guidelines include acknowledging 3 freedoms:
- Freedom to interpret experiences in any way, not just an illness framework.
- Freedom to challenge social norms-- including gender norms or other ideas about how we are “supposed to be” in the world.
- Freedom to talk about anything-- not just voices and visions.
Hearing Voices Movement is a part of a social justice movement that intersects with other movements and marginalized experiences. People’s experiences with systemic oppression are accepted as real, and there is a commitment on the part of the group to interrupt words or actions rooted in racism, sexism, ableism, homophobia, transphobia, psychiatric oppression and other types of systemic oppression when they come up.
See all guidelines at: http://www.hearingvoicesusa.org/hvn-usa-charter
Research Supports Hearing Voices Network Groups
“Group attendance was credited with a range of positive emotional, social and clinical outcomes. Aspects that were particularly valued included: opportunities to meet other voice hearers, provision of support that was unavailable elsewhere, and the group being a safe and confidential place to discuss difficult issues. Participants perceived HVN groups to facilitate recovery processes and to be an important resource for helping them cope with their experiences.(Longden, Read & Dillon, 2018)
Hearing Voices Network USA http://www.hearingvoicesusa.org/
Hearing Voices Network http://www.hearingvoices.org/ Video by Western MA Recovery Learning Community & Mt Holyoke College
Beyond Possible: How the Hearing Voices Approach Transforms Lives https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qk5juEgi1oY &feature=youtu.be (22 minutes)
Foundation for Excellence in Mental Health Care funds Hearing Voices Research, Article: https://www.mentalhealthexcellence.org/the-hearingvoices-network-hits-the-mainstream/
Longden, E., Read, J., & Dillon, J. (2018). Assessing the Impact and Effectiveness of Hearing Voices Network Self-Help Groups. Community Mental Health Journal, 54(2), 184-188. Retrieved 8 11, 2020, free access at: https://southbayprojectresourcedotorg.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/assessing-the-impactand-effectiveness-of-hvn-self-help-groups-06-2017.pdf
The Hearing Voices Network Hits the Mainstream! March 8, 2020 By Leah Harris, Foundation For Excellence In Mental Health Care
https://www.mentalhealthexcellence.org/the-hearing-voices-network-hits-the-mainstream/
Hearing Voices support groups connect and heal https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQnoVdKkWvQ&feature=youtu.be
Lost In Reality: Hearing Voices | Adrianne Roberts | TEDxChilliwack https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKIgFCoEVA4
Hearing Voices : an Insiders Guide to Auditory Hallucinations | Debra Lampshire | TEDxTauranga https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjL2dqONIqQ ( New Zealand)
Adverse Childhood Events (ACES)
Background
The original study to explore the concept of ACEs was that of Felitti et al in 1998.
Felitti, V., Anda, R., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D., Spitz, A., Edwards, V., Koss, M. and Marks, J. (1998) Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults (The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventative Medicine Vol 14 (4), pp.245-258.
Resilience: The biology of stress and the science of hope (movie)
Film maker James Redford, son of actor Robert Redford, came across an article disseminating the research findings and thought the ideas within it should be raised more prominently within the public eye (Cocozza 2017). In order to achieve this he made a film entitled Resilience: the biology of stress and the science of hope which has now been widely distributed across the western world.
Homlessness and Affordable housing
Sonoma County
Community Development Commission
Reference Documents
2018 Homeless System of Care Redesign White Paper (PDF: 428 kB)
2017 Homeless Policy Workshop (PDF: 1.8 MB)
2015 Housing Toolbox (PDF: 2.65 MB)
2014 10-Year Homeless Action Plan (PDF: 12.5 MB
